Jochen Fromm<p>Now that we are reaching <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/limitstogrowth" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>limitstogrowth</span></a> worldwide some of us are wondering where the imperative for growth which is so destructive and devastating for <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/nature" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>nature</span></a> comes from. </p><p>Stock markets, corporations and their relentless desire for constant <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/growth" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>growth</span></a> have their roots in European <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/colonialism" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>colonialism</span></a> and <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/imperalism" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>imperalism</span></a>. Joint-stock companies like the East India Company, the Virginia Company, the British South Africa Company or the South Sea Company helped to build the British empire as Philip J. Stern describes in his book [1]. </p><p>This joint-stock venture colonialism laid the foundation for modern corporations and stock markets. The British East India Company, French Mississippi Company, Dutch East India Company, and German Brandenburg African Company were the first European stock corporations.</p><p>Investment in joint-stock companies allowed investors including the royal family itself to gain large profits at high risks, similar to investors in whaling ventures which shared risks and profits. Modern venture capital was born, and venture colonialism turned over time into venture capitalism [2]. In this sense colonialism enabled imperialism and led to <a href="https://fediscience.org/tags/capitalism" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>capitalism</span></a>.</p><p>[1] Empire, Incorporated: The Corporations That Built British Colonialism, Philip J. Stern, Harvard University Press, 2023<br><a href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674988125" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">hup.harvard.edu/books/97806749</span><span class="invisible">88125</span></a></p><p>[2] VC: An American History, Tom Nicholas, Harvard University Press, 2019<br><a href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674988002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">hup.harvard.edu/books/97806749</span><span class="invisible">88002</span></a></p>